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# TIMDAC Theory of Operation
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TIMDAC is _not_ a PWM DAC, where a waveform is generated whose average value
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equals the desired output, and then filtered all the way down to DC. To get
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precision-DAC levels of resolution from this, a PWM DAC must be filtered so
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steeply that its settling time becomes enormous (around 5ms for 1 LSB ripple
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at 15 bits, 50ms for 0.1LSB ripple, and so on), and this settling time also
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significantly limits the ability to scan a large number of channels.
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equals the desired output, and then filtered all the way down to DC. While this
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is definitely a feasible way to implement a precision DAC, the level of
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filtering required to achieve usable 15-bit or 16-bit performance severely
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limits the update rate, especially if using a scanning sequence to generate
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more outputs than available PWM channels. Also, to truly achieve equivalent
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specs to TIMDAC, other circuits implemented here (such as the constant-impedance
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reference chopper) become necessary. While you could use a PWM DAC and get most
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of the way there, TIMDAC takes it that little smidge farther into commercial-
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equivalent DAC performance.
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Instead, TIMDAC uses an integrating sample-and-hold topology. A single pulse
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is integrated, producing a ramp from 0 up to the product of the pulse width
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and the reference slope. At the end of the pulse, the final value is sampled
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and held in an output capacitor. TIMDAC can update in as little as 1.3ms, with
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an "ideally zero" ripple limited only by analog switch performance and layout
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quality.
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Instead of PWM, TIMDAC uses an integrating sample-and-hold topology. A single
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pulse is integrated, producing a ramp from 0 up to the product of the pulse
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width and the reference slope. At the end of the pulse, the final value is
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sampled and held in an output capacitor. TIMDAC can update in as little as
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1.3ms, with an "ideally zero" ripple limited only by analog switch performance
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and layout quality.
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## Hardware
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